Scientific rationale:

Cosmology is experiencing a new era of outstanding progresses, marked by significant breakthroughs and discoveries, e.g., the first-ever black hole direct evidence, the gravitational wave detection, new constraints on the dark energy equation of state, bounds on the various inflationary potentials, and so on. Despite these remarkable results, cosmology continues to be jeopardized by numerous unresolved questions, objects of heated debates that suggest the need for a better understanding of the universe’s origins and dynamics. To face these issues, it is possible to classify the universe's evolution into distinct cosmic epochs: late, intermediate, early, and primordial eras. Each epoch is characterized by unique properties and phenomena that offer insights into the underlying physics governing the cosmos.

• Late Epoch: Focuses on cosmic acceleration, shedding light on the behavior of dark energy.

• Intermediate Epoch: Investigating the matter dominated era and the properties of dark matter, such as its origins, its interaction with dark energy, its fundamental features and so on. 

• Early Epoch: Utilizes Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation as a primary observational tool to detect deviations from general relativity, including signatures of quantum gravity and non-Gaussianities. This period also provides evidence of relics from inflation.

• Primordial Epoch: Begins with the Big Bang and passes through an inflationary phase, a process for baryogenesis and leptogenesis, and culminates into the reheating phase, among other critical milestones.

Reconciling these four epochs within the standard cosmological model is the biggest challenge for cosmology and, at the same time, tackling the standard cosmological model would open new avenues within the context of Precision Cosmology. In light of these groundbreaking developments, the conference Astrophysics in Le Marche II will convene leading experts to discuss the latest advancements in multimessenger astrophysics and precision cosmology, including both theoretical and observational aspects. This event aims to provide a comprehensive international overview of the most recent findings, fostering collaboration and inspiring new directions in the study of the entire universe.